Comparative Shiʿi Theology

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

reviewers 2025-2026

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

News

Journals Metrics

A Comparative Analysis of "Frustration" in the Theological Teachings of Islam with Emphasis on the Imamiyya School and Christianity

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Islamic Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Islamic Studies, Farhangian University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 PhD and Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, Farhangian University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

4 Level 4 graduate of the field, field and university lecturer

Abstract

Ihtawt, also known as Habat al-Amal in Islamic theology, is primarily concerned with explaining and analyzing the complex relationship between faith and righteous and unrighteous deeds on the one hand, and happiness and misery in the hereafter on the other. Although the precise concept of Ihtawt with its theological details is not found in Christian teachings, But there are conceptual similarities between these teachings. The main difference between these two intellectual traditions is in the quality of occurrence and the scope of the effect of frustration. This article aims to comparatively examine the frustration of action as one of the most fundamental and challenging topics in the field of Islamic theology and comparative theology, which has been examined and explained with an emphasis on the teachings of the Imamiyyah and Christianity.This study, with an analytical and documentary approach, has examined the different perspectives of Islam, especially the Imamiyyah, and Christianity. The results of this study emphasize the remarkable alignment of the Imamiyyah theology and the theology of Catholic Christianity, in such a way that both carry the meaning of absolution in a figurative sense and deny the general absolution of actionsThis alignment opens new horizons for comparative studies in theology. The conclusion of this article is that from the Islamic perspective, every good or bad deed has its own account and sin does not necessarily lead to the complete destruction of a good deed;.Also, none of the main branches of Christianity believe in the annulment of past actions; even the Catholic Church has provided ways, such as the sacrament of penance (confession), to restore a relationship with God after sins.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
The Holy Qur’an.
The Holy Bible (Old Persian Translation).
Stead, C. (2008 AD). Philosophy in Early Christianity. (A. S. Ardestani, Trans.). Qom: Center for Studies and Research of Religions and Denominations.
Rāghib Iṣfahānī. (1996 AD). Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qur’an. (1st ed.). Beirut: Al-Dar Al-Shamiyyah.
Ibn Ḥazm, A. M. A. (2000 AD). Al-Faṣl fṣ al‑milal wa al‑ahwa’ wa al‑niḥal (2nd ed.). Beirut: Dar al‑Kutub al‑‘Ilmiyyah.
Amīn, N. (1982 AD). Makhzan al‑‘Irfan fi Tafsir al‑Qur’an. Tehran: Nahzat‑e Zanan‑e Mosalman.
Baḥrānī, M. b. A. (1986 AD). Qawā‘id al‑Marām fi ‘Ilm al‑Kalam. (2nd ed.). Qom: Marashi Najafi Press.
Taftāzānī, M. (1989 AD). Sharḥ al‑Maqāṣid. (1st ed.). Qom: Al‑Sharif al‑Razi Press.
Tiyari Dehaqani, M. (2001 AD). Deeds on the Scale of Truth. Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
 Javadi Amoli, A. (2010 AD). Tafsir Tasnim. (S. Band Ali, Ed). 3rd Ed. Qom: Isra Publications.
Jawharī, I. (1979 AD). Al‑Ṣiḥāḥ: Tāj al‑Lugha wa Ṣiḥāḥ al‑‘Arabīyyah. (1st ed.). Cairo: Dar al‑‘Ilm li‑l‑Malaayin.
Juwaynī, A. M. (1996 AD). Al‑Irshād. 3rd Ed. Beirut: Al‑Kutub al‑Thaqafiyyah.
Hosseini, V. (2016 AD). "The Nature of Ihbat and Takfir and Their Relation to Divine Justice." Master’s thesis. University of Tabriz.
Ḥillī, H. b. Y. (2009 AD). Anwār al‑Malakūt fi Sharḥ al‑Yāqūt. (2nd ed.). Qom: Razi Publications.
Ḥillī,, H. b. Y. (1991 AD). Bāb Hādī ‘Ashar. (F. Muqaddad, Ed). 1st ed.). Tehran: Amir Kabir Press.
Ḥillī, H. b. Y. (1992 AD). Kashf al‑Fawā’id fi Sharḥ Qawā‘id al‑‘Aqā’id. (1st ed.). Beirut: Dar al‑Safwa.
Ḥillī, H. b. Y. (1996 AD). Kashf al‑Murād fī sharḥ Tajrīd al‑I‘tiqād. (7th ed.). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
Ḥillī, H. b. Y. (n.d.). Nahj al‑Mustarshidīn fī Uṣūl al‑Dīn. Qom: Majma‘ al‑Dhakhā’ir al‑Islamiyyah.
Khoshbavar, D; Ziaei, H. (2025 AD). "The Scope of Iḥbāt from the Perspective of Shi‘a and Sunni Theologians." Kalam Research Paper. https://doi.org/10.22034/pke.2025.21130.1983
Rastegar Moghadam Gowhari, H. (2002 AD). "Conceptual Analysis of Iḥbāt from the Qur’anic Perspective." Qur’anic Studies. 29–30.
Subhani, J. (2006 AD). Buḥūth fī al‑Milal wa al‑Niḥal. (1st ed.). Qom: Imam Sadiq Institute.
Subhani, J. (1992 AD). Al‑Ilāhīyyāt ‘alā Hudā al‑kitāb wal Sunna wal ‘Aql. Qom: Imam Sadiq Institute.
Subhani, J. (2009 AD). The Charter of Imami Doctrines. (4th ed.). Qom: Imam Sadiq Institute.
Soleimani Behbahani, A. (2023 AD). "Evaluation of Theories of Iḥbāt and Takfīr based on Hadith of Ahl al‑Bayt." Research in Qur’an and Hadith Studies. Alzahra University.
Sayyid Murtaḍā (Mousavi Baghdadi), A. b. H. (1990 AD). Al‑Dhakhīra fī ‘Ilm al‑kalām. Qom: Jami‘at al‑Mudarrisin.
Sayyid Murtaḍā. (1985 AD). Rasā’il al‑Sharīf al‑Murtaḍā. Qom: Dar al‑Qur’an al‑Karim.
Shubbar, A. (1987 AD). Al‑Jawhar al‑Thamīn fi Tafsir al‑Kitāb al‑Mubīn. (1st ed.). Kuwait: Maktabat al‑Alfayn.
Shojaei, A. (2007 AD). "Iḥbāt and Takfīr." Islamic Theology Journal. 64.
Shakouri, A. (1988 AD). "The Rule of Ḥabt." Yad Journal. 11.
Sharif Lahiji, M. (1994 AD). Tafsir Sharif Lahiji. (1st ed.). Tehran: Dad Publications.
Mulla Ṣadrā, M. b. I. (2003 AD). Al‑Shawāhid al‑Rubūbīyyah. (1st ed.). Qom: Religious Press.
Shahrestani, M. b. A. (1998 AD). Al‑Milal wa‑l‑Niḥal. (1st ed.). Beirut: Dar.
Ṭabāṭabā’ī, M. H. (1996 AD). Al‑Mīzān fi tafsir al‑Qur’an. Qom: Jami‘at al‑Mudarrisin.
Ṭabāṭabā’ī, M. H. (1995 AD). Nihāyat al‑Ḥikmah. Qom: Jami‘at al‑Mudarrisin.
Ṭabrisī, F. b. H. (1998 AD). Tafsir Jawāmi‘ al‑Jāmi‘. (1st ed.). Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Ṭabrisī, F. b. H. (1993 AD). Majma‘ al‑Bayān fi Tafsir al‑Qur’an. (3rd ed.). Tehran: Naser Khosrow.
Ṭabrisī, A. b. A. (1983 AD). Al‑Iḥtijāj ‘ala Ahl al‑lajaj. Mashhad: Murtaza Publishing.
Tabari Amoli (Kabir), M. b. J. (1995 AD). Al‑Mustarshid fī Imamat ‘Ali ibn Abi Ṭālib. Qom: Koushanpour.
Tabari Amoli (Kabir), M. b. J. (1992 AD). Jāmi‘ al‑Bayān fī Tafsir al‑Qur’an. (1st ed.). Beirut: Dar al‑Ma‘rifah.
Ṭūsī, M. (1980 AD). Al‑Iqtiṣād al‑Hadi ila Ṭarīq al‑Rashād. Tehran: Jam‘e Chehelsotoun Press.
Ṭūsī, M. (2001 AD). Fuṣūl al‑‘Aqā’id. (2nd ed.). Baghdad: Al‑Ma‘arif Press.
Ṭūsī, M. (1972 AD). Al‑Dhikra al‑Alfīyyah. Mashhad: University of Theology Publications.
Ṭūsī, M. (1987 AD). Al‑Tibyān fi Tafsir al‑Qur’an. Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al‑Turath al‑‘Arabi.
Ṭūsī, M. (1983 AD). Tamhīd al‑Uṣūl. (1st ed.). Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Ṭūsī, N. al‑D. (1987 AD). Tajrīd al‑I‘tiqād. (1st ed.). Islamic Media Publications.
Askari, A. (1991 AD). Mu‘jam al‑Furūq al‑Lughawīyyah. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
Turayḥī, F. (1996 AD). Majma‘ al‑Baḥrayn. (3rd ed.). Tehran: Mortazavi Publications.
Fakhr al‑Din Rāzī, M. b. ‘U. (1963 AD). Al‑Barāhīn fī ‘Ilm al‑Kalam. Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Ghanbari, M; Kavandi, S; Ojaqlu, A. (2022 AD). "Iḥbāt, Takfir, and Their Relation to Divine Justice." Kalam Research. 1(1), 29–52.
Koochak Yazdi, M. J; Nabiallahy Najaf Abadi, A. (2021 AD). "Comparative Study of Ḥabṭ in Al‑Mīzān and Al‑Taḥrīr wa‑l‑Tanwīr." Comparative Qur’an and Hadith Studies. 9(16).
Lahiji, A. (1983 AD). The Capital of Faith in Islamic Doctrinal Principles. Tehran: Al‑Zahra Publications.
Majlisī, M. B. (n.d.). Biḥār al‑Anwār. (Vols. 67–68). (Mousavi Hamedani, Trans). (1st ed.). Tehran: Valiasr Mosque Library Press.
Mesbah Yazdi, M. T. (1986 AD). Islamic Philosophy Education. (1st ed.). Tehran: Islamic Propagation Organization.
Mesbah Yazdi, M. T. (1998 AD). Doctrines Education. (16th ed.). Qom: Islamic Propagation Organization.
Moti‘, M; As‘adi, S. (2011 AD). "Semantic Analysis of the Concept of Ḥabṭ in the Qur’an." Qur’an and Hadith Studies. 2(8).
Memari, D; Asadollahi, A. (2020 AD). "Semantic Network of Iḥbāṭ in the Qur’an." Tafsir Research.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (1995 AD). Tafsir Nemooneh. Tehran: Dar al‑Kutub al‑Islamiyyah.
Al‑Mufīd, M. (1993 AD). Awā’il al‑Maqālāt fī al‑Madhāhib wal Mukhtarat. Tehran: Islamic Studies Institute.
Al‑Mufīd, M. (1993 AD). Muṣannafāt Shaykh Mufīd. (1st ed.). Al‑Mu’tamar al‑‘Alami.
Khomeini, R. (1995 AD). Forty Hadith. Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Works.
Najafi Khomeini, M. J. (2019 AD). Tafsir Asan. (1st ed.). Tehran: Islamiyyah Publications.
Yazdi, A; Abbasi Aghavi, Z. (2016 AD). "Iḥbāṭ and Takfīr from the Viewpoint of Fakhr al‑Din Rāzī and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli." Master’s thesis. Qom University.
Grudem, W. (1994). Systematic Theology. Zondervan.
Augustine. (1991). On Grace and Free Will, A Select library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene.
Cunningham Lawrence S. (2009 AD). An Introduction to Catholicism. New York: Cambridge
Lawlor, F. X. (1981 AD). "Apostasy." in New Catholic Encyclopedia. V.18, Washington D.C.: Catholic University Of America.
Rambo, L.R. (1993 AD). Understanding Religious Conversion. New Haven, CT: Yale university press.
Resnick, Irven M. (1991 AD), "Odo of Tournai’s De peccato originali and the Problem of Original Sin." Medieval.
Philosophy and Theology, Vol. 1.
Catechism of the Catholic Church. (1993 AD). Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
Grudem, W. A. (1994 AD). Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
Erickson, M. J. (1985 AD). Christian Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.
Comparative Shiʿi Theology
Volume 6, Issue 11
September 2026
Pages 329-360
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics