Comparative Shiʿi Theology

Abstract The issue of Imamate and Caliphate in the cultures of Imami Shi'a and Sunni Islam is considered one of the key and contentious topics. This article presents a comparative analysis of the nature, foundations, and characteristics of Imamate from the perspectives of two theologians: Qadi Abd al-Jabbar al-Baqillani from the Ash'ari Sunni tradition and Allama Hilli from the Twelver Shi'a tradition. After examining and comparing their views, the findings indicate that the interpretations and beliefs of these two theologians differ significantly regarding the issue of Imamate. Qadi al-Baqillani considers the obligation of the Imam to be a religious duty rather than a rational one and fundamentally views the discussion of Imamate as a subsidiary jurisprudential matter. In contrast, Allama Hilli asserts that the discussion of Imamate is a theological issue and that the appointment of the Imam is divinely ordained. Consequently, from al-Baqillani's perspective and that of most Sunnis, the Imam is a governmental figure with both worldly authority and the responsibility to preserve and implement religion. This leads to differences in the nature, theoretical foundations, and specific instances of Imamate as reflected in the personal characteristics and attributes of the Imam. The present article, employing a documentary method along with data processing and aimed at elucidating the true concept of the Imam's existential reality and examining their attributes as the successor of the Prophet Muhammad, has been collected and organized.

Abstract Political Islam after the Islamic Revolution in the Islamic Republic became a concrete entity and in political marketing, the public opinion of the Islamic world became a consuming commodity for Muslims in the Muslim world who have always been frustrated, defeated, and failed in the modern age. This revolutionary reading of Islam in Iran demonstrated its practical and objective success in the form of social changes in the Islamic Revolution, systematization with the logic of the Islamic Republic that applied tradition and modernity in a balanced composition, as well as the establishment of a forty-year lasting system. But the Wahhabi rivalry model and here ISIS has stepped up its stance with the ISIS’s half-government in Iraq and Syria. This article deals with the comparative comparison of political beliefs, political ethics, and political behavior in the political system of Shiites and ISIS. Some of the comparisons are belief Comparison of the issue of Savior and Mahdism, the moral comparison of the issue of caliphate and guardianship, and the behavioral comparison of the important issue of jihad and war